CENTER FOR LITERACY AND READING INSTRUCTION
University at Buffalo
Room 17 Baldy Hall
Buffalo, NY 14260-1000

Tel: 716 / 645-2470 Fax: 716 / 645-3161

Michael W. Kibby, Director & Debra Dechert, Associate Director

Making Words?A Guided Spelling Instructional Strategy

Compiled by Debra Carlin largely from the work of Patricia and James Cunningham.

Domain: Word Recognition

Supporting Theory, Research, and Rationale. Research supports that there is a strong correlation between early spelling ability and the ability to decode words in reading. "Research suggests that invented spelling and decoding are mirror-like processes that make use of the same store of phonological knowledge" (Cunningham & Cunningham, 1992, p. 216). Making Words is a guided spelling strategy which can be used in both individual and group instruction. "In addition to providing a window on the growth of childrenĖs phonetic knowledge, invented spelling during writing is increasingly seen as possessing reading instructional value as well..."(Cunningham & Cunningham, 1992, p. 217).

Benefits of Making Words.

Instructional Guidelines. Cunningham & Cunningham (1992), state how teachers should plan and conduct lessons on Making Words. Making Words is an activity in which children are individually given some letters that they use to make words. During the 15- minute activity, children make 12-15 words, beginning with two-letter words and continuing with three-letter, four-letter, five-letter, and longer words until the final big word is made. The final word ( a six-, seven-, or eight-letter word) always includes all the letters they have that day, and children are usually eager to figure out what word can be made from using all the letters. Making Words is an active, hands- on manipulative activity in which children discover sound-letter relationships and learn how to look for patterns in words. They also learn that changing just one letter or even the sequence of letters changes the whole word (p.107-109).  
Steps in planning a Making Words lesson
  1. Decide what the final word in the lesson will be. In choosing this word, consider its number of vowels, child interest, curriculum tie-ins you can make, and letter-sound patterns you can draw childrenĖs attention to through the word sorting at the end.
  2. Make a list of shorter words that can be made from the letters of the final word.
  3. From all the words you listed, pick 12-15 words that include: (a) words that you can sort for the pattern(s) you want to emphasize; (b) little words and big words to make a multilevel lesson; (c) words that can be made with the same letters in different places (e.g., barn, bran) so children are reminded that when spelling words, the order of the letters is crucial; (d) a proper name or two to remind them where we use capital letters; and (e) words that most of the students have in their listening vocabularies.
  4. Write all the words on index cards and order them from shortest to longest.
  5. Once you have the two-letter, three-letter, etc., words together , order them further so that you can emphasize letter patterns and how changing the position of the letter or changing or adding just one letter results in a different word.
  6. Store the cards in an envelope. Write on the envelope the words in order and the patterns you will sort for at the end.
Steps in teaching a Making Words Lesson
  1. Place the large letter cards in a pocket chart or along the chalk ledger.
  2. Have designated children give one letter to each child. (Let the passer keep the reclosable bag) containing that letter and have the same child collect that letter when the lesson is over.)
  3. Hold up and name the letters on the large letter cards, and have the children hold up their matching small letter cards.
  4. Write the numeral 2 (or 3, if there are no two-letter words in the lesson) on the board. 
  5. Say take two letters and make a word. Use the word in a sentence after you say it.
  6. Have a child who has the first word made correctly make the same word with the large letter cards. Encourage anyone who did not make the word correctly at first to fix the word when they see it made correctly.
  7. Continue having them make words, erasing and changing the number on the board to indicate the number of letters needed. Use the words in simple sentences to make sure the children understand them. Cue them as to whether they are just changing one letter, changing letters around, or taking all their letters out to make a word from scratch. Cue them when the word you want them to make is a proper name, and send a child who has started that name with a capital letter to make the word with the big letters.
  8. Before telling them the last word, ask "Has anyone figured out what word we can make with all our letters?" If so, congratulate them and have them and have one of them make it with the big letters. If not, say something like, "I love it when I can stump you. Use all your letters and make_________."
  9. Once all the words have been made, take the index cards on which you have written the words, and place them one at a time (in the same order children made them) along the chalk ledge or in the pocket chart. Have children say and spell the words with you as you do this. Use these words for sorting and pointing out patterns. Pick a word and point out a particular spelling pattern, and ask children to find the others with that same pattern. Line these words up so that the pattern is visible.
  10. To get maximum transfer to reading and writing, have the children use the patterns they have sorted to spell a few new words that you say.
Note: Some teachers choose to do steps 1-7 on one day and steps 8 and 9 the next day.

References

Cunningham Patricia & Cunningham James. (1992). Making words: Enhancing the invented spelling-decoding connection. The Reading Teacher, 46 (2), 106-116.